The default kernel 2.6.24-16-generic, this kernel is the generic kernel did not optimize for a particular user, and my desktop has a better kernel can choose ,2.6.24-16-rt (realtime ) is characterized by the core task of preemption, can greatly speed up the process with the start-up time between the switching time. Installation:

sudo apt-get install linux-rt

2. Close IPv6

Method:

Edit / etc / modprobe.d / aliases

Modify

alias net-pf-10 ipv6

As

alias net-pf-10 off

Then comment out / etc / hosts file, the contents of all the relevant IPV6

# The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts

:: 1 ip6-localhost ip6-loopback

# Fe00:: 0 ip6-localnet

# Ff00:: 0 ip6-mcastprefix

# Ff02:: 1 ip6-allnodes

# Ff02:: 2 ip6-allrouters

# Ff02:: 3 ip6-allhosts

This will prohibit all use of IPV6 network interface.

Add a new / etc / modprobe.d / bad_list file, says:

alias net-pf-10 off

3. Optimization apt source

$ Cd / etc / apt

$ Sudo su

# Mv sources.list sources.list-bak

# Sed-e’/^#/ d ‘-e’ s / deb-src / # deb-src / ’sources.list-bak> sources.list

Result of above command for the backup sources.list sources.list-bak, also removed the comments in the statement sources.list and then comment out the deb-src directory.

I see a lot of comment statements dazzling, and I do not need the software source code.

4. Tuning session startup items

Menu System – Preferences – Session, you do not need to remove the service.

5. Program starts Optimization

To start the program in parallel to speed up the boot process.

Edit / etc / init.d / rc

Modify

CONCURRENCY = none

To:

CONCURRENCY = shell

Be careful not to wrong, wrong to not start system.

6. Increase the DNS cache

dns cache dnsmasq is also a good choice, but pdnsd some smaller, single use this enough, but not everyone needs to make their own cache, and I am here in Hangzhou Netcom’s dns server is too slow, just make their own cache speed up dns resolution speed.

sudo apt-get instll pdnsd installation pdnsd

Edit / etc / pdnsd.conf below to join in the global section

server (ip = “xxxx”; / * fill in here your first dns server’s IP * /

timeout = 30;

interval = 900;

uptest = none;

ping_timeout = 500;

purge_cache = off;

caching = on;

) Server (

ip = “xxxx”; / * fill in here your second dns server’s IP * /

timeout = 30;

interval = 900;

uptest = none;

ping_timeout = 500;

purge_cache = off;

caching = on;

) Edit / etc / resolv.conf file

Change the first line as “nameserver 127.0.0.1″

7. Install RAR compression / decompression program

sudo apt-get install rar unrar

To be a soft link

sudo ln-fs / usr / bin / rar / usr / bin / unrar

Thus, after as long as the command line type unrar, unzip or compressed files can, the installation is complete, archive manager component also integrates a rar.

8. Clean common system junk

sudo apt-get autoclean clean up old versions of the software cache

sudo apt-get clean to remove all the software cache

sudo apt-get autoremove delete the system software no longer used in isolation

About transmission

Transmission generally clutch, transmission, universal gear, main gear box, differential and axle and other components.
 
 
 

One. The function of transmission

The power emitted by automobile engine by train delivered to the drive wheels. Transmission system with a slow, variable speed, reversing, interrupt power, wheel and axle differential between the differential between the functions, and the engine with the work, to ensure working conditions in a variety of vehicles under normal driving, and has good power and economy.

II. The type and composition of the transmission system

Transmission can be different ways of energy transfer is divided into mechanical transmission, hydraulic transmission, hydraulic, electric transmission and so on.

Driving system

Driving by the car’s frame, axles, wheels (note), and suspension and other components.

The car frame, axles, wheels and suspension and other components of the driving system, driving system of the function is:

To accept the power transmission system, the role of the road through the wheel and generate traction, making the car normal driving;

Bear the total weight of the car and the ground reaction force;

Uneven road surfaces to ease the impact of the body, the attenuation of vibration in the car driving, keep driving the ride;

Cooperation with the steering system to ensure that vehicle handling and stability.

Introduction Steering System

Or restore the car to change its direction of travel of the ad hoc body known as the steering system.

The basic composition of steering system

(1) steering body mainly by the steering wheel, steering shaft, steering column and other components.

(2) Turn the steering wheel steering will turn into the swing arm or rack reciprocating motion axis, and the steering force to enlarge the body. Generally fixed in the car steering or the car body frame, steering through the steering gear power transmission after the general direction will change.

(3) The steering gear steering linkage to pass the output of the force and motion the wheels (steering knuckle), and to a certain relationship between the left and right wheel deflection body.

Type of steering system and working principle

Energy by turning different steering system can be divided into mechanical power steering system, steering system and the two categories.

Introduction of Brake System

Car to the outside world (mainly roads) in auto parts (mainly the wheel) the imposition of a certain force, thus its degree of braking force referred to as a series of specialized devices braking system. Its role is: to make a moving vehicle in accordance with the mandatory requirements of the driver slow down or even stop; to have been suspended in the vehicle in various road conditions (including the ramp) stable parking; to maintain a downhill speed of cars stability.

Play the role of the automobile braking effect can only be in the car and the direction and force cars traveling in the opposite direction, and the size of these forces are random, uncontrollable, and therefore the car to be fitted with a series of specialized devices to achieve these functions.

Category:

(1) The role of the braking system

Braking system can be divided into brake system, parking brake, emergency brake system and auxiliary braking system. Used to reduce the speed of a moving car or parking brake system, known as brake system; to have been suspended for the presence of stagnant vehicle’s braking system is known as the parking brake system; in brake system failure, to ensure an automobile can still achieve the braking system to slow or stop as the emergency brake system; in the driving process, the auxiliary brake system to reduce the speed or maintain speed stability, but the emergency vehicles can not be system called the assisted braking system stops the brake system. Above the brake system, brake system and parking brake system is every car must have.

(2) control by braking energy

Braking system can be divided into human brake systems, power brake system and servo brake system. To the driver’s body as the only brake brake system called the human energy braking system; completely transformed by the power from the engine or hydraulic pressure from the form of potential energy in the system, known as dynamic braking braking system; used along with human power to brake and engine braking system, known as servo assisted braking system or braking system.

(3) The transmission of braking energy

Braking system can be divided into mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electromagnetic, etc.. At the same time using two methods to upload can be called the Combined Brake System Brake System.

Dynamic braking system in general by two main controls and brake parts.

(1) Brake control mechanism

Produce braking action to control the braking effect and braking energy transmitted to the various parts of the brake, as shown in the 2,3,4,6, and brake wheel cylinders and brake lines.

(2) brake

Hinder the movement of vehicles or movement trends of force (braking force) components. Are commonly used in automotive brake components and rotating components with fixed working surface of friction brake torque generated, called the friction brake. It has drum brakes and disc brake both structural types.

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In some parts of China are often the “tail car” called the “car spoiler”, in fact, that it is called wrong. “Car spoiler” in the automobile industry does have its material, but is below the front of the car bumper parabolic hood, while the “tail car” is installed in the car after the lid on. Some people abroad, according to the shape of the image to call it “sled board”, the domestic but also some people call “duck tail.” Should be more scientific name for “car spoiler” or “car spoiler wing.”

According to the gas dynamics analysis, we know that the car is moving process will encounter air resistance, this resistance can be divided into longitudinal, lateral and vertical force of 3 aspects, and the speed with air resistance proportional to the square, so The faster the speed, the greater the air resistance. In general, when the speed of more than 60 km, the effect of air resistance on the performance of the car was very obvious. In order to effectively reduce and overcome the air resistance at high speed vehicle impact, it is designed to use the car tail, and its role is to make the fourth generation of automobile air force, that is, the adhesion on the ground, it can offset part of the lift, control car float, reduce wind resistance, making the car to close the roads to improve driving stability. Most automobile tail are carbon fiber or glass fiber, both lightweight and tough, and its shape and size is determined by accurate calculation of the designer, and should not be too large and it is not too small, otherwise it will increase the resistance or driving cars would not achieve its proper role.

In recent years, as China’s highways, elevated roads and high-grade road construction and put into use, the speed has been enhanced, car tail becomes more and more important role. The displacement of 1.8 liters of cars, for example, if fitted with tail, the air drag coefficient reduced by 20%, in general, roads, fuel consumption reduction may be obvious. If on the highway driving at 120 km per hour, is able to fuel 14%, then the role of automobile tail is very clear.

LS-Lamp Signal light signal, light signal is a universal language, there are usually three colors red, yellow, white and red lights usually represent the meaning of emergency or danger, such as brake lights that use red light shell, the other lights of vehicles increases also uses the red, can be very clear to his car to know the size of your vehicle, avoid each other to determine the body size of the error caused the accident, although the brake lights and cars with red lights increase in brightness, but there are still differences brake warning light because of the need and inform the role of higher so will produce more than the car increases the brightness of lights. The other is yellow, yellow is usually a warning, so use this to turn on the lights and warning lights for warning and informing other vehicles to turn to their own intentions. The white light is used for lighting purposes, so in addition to lighting, the front headlight, there is the rear reversing light and warning, so when you see a white light on the rear of the vehicle, it means that the car was about to reverse, be courteous . Because they belong to the security lighting system is equipped with, so regardless of the brightness of the light, position, or even have a clear exposure to regional regulations, so a lot of self-installation of super brightness, but it will affect the direction of light to other drivers, This is a sub-practice regulations and too selfish, not accidentally.

BL-brake lights

BL-Braking Light brake lights, traffic lights are a global universal signal system, the brake light is red, than the rear signal Deng brighter, third brake light of the new equipment in recent years, in order for the vehicle to the rear In the more distant to see, and close auxiliary brake can see warning lights. To motorists, the majority of the time of its tail with the front of the car forward, causing the tail rear-ended and therefore the accident rate of all accidents, 15% to 20%. Additional third-brake lights for car rear-ended in order to reduce incidents, human factors engineering experts have long 提出 retrofitting of third-brake lights of the recommendations, the purpose is hoping to car drivers of the vehicle in front brakes early cognitive , and then advance on the brake, which is the process by stopping distance in the main brake and brake reaction time, speed and braking deceleration, and therefore reduce the time when the brake cognitive, may slide to achieve the overall braking distance shortened, thereby reducing car rear-ended after the accident. Car rear-ended in order to reduce the occurrence of the accident, the United States in 1985 to specify that the third brake light has been the standard safety features.

Fog Lamp-Fog

Fog Lamp Fog is divided into front fog lamps and rear fog lamps, under normal circumstances unless fog or heavy rain, should avoid the use of front fog lamps, especially the first car not far from the case because it will cause the vehicle in front but sight affected. In the normal design, the open can not open the front fog lights rear fog lamps, rear fog lamps reason is that in the open, will cause visual impairment after the car, front fog lamps often used in speed faster, provide enhanced lighting purposes, If under heavy fog, will close around the car to turn around the warning lights should not fog lights.

Auto-sensing headlights

Auto-sensing headlights allow drivers do not have to remember the headlight switch, which can shade the light through the vehicle sensor, automatic detection of external light, such as the sky darkened when the outside world into the dark cave, or when Pre-need to open the headlights to light, the auto-sensing headlights automatically turn on headlights, and when lit the light will automatically turn off when you can increase traffic safety.

ADM-auto-dimming rearview mirror

ADM-Automatically Dipping Mirror Auto dimming rear view mirror, I believe we have a night light behind the vehicle when driving through the rear-view mirror exposure to the eye, and affects the driving experience of sight, the traditional dimming rear-view mirror must be manually adjust the interior rear-view mirror perspective mirror effect to produce glare, automatically dimming rear-view mirror could then be the reflection of dazzling parties to the degree of stepless adjustment of rearview mirror of mirror reflectivity, the adjustment is not the way adjust the mirror angle, but through the rearview mirror of electronic circuits within the electrolyte, by a different rear light illumination, to adjust the reflectivity of the mirror, but not dazzling the case during the day, usually a fixed rate of specular reflection at about 75% of the fixed reflectivity can be maintained during the day makes a good rear vision, but at night is dazzling as the extent of the size of the eye, the most appropriate time to adjust the reflectivity of the more glaring is the lower reflectivity, and vice versa reflection higher rate of driving at night can greatly increase the vision of security.

Outdoor wide-angle rear view mirror

  outdoor wide-angle rear-view mirror set on the outer edge of the mirror radius of curvature became smaller and smaller non-spherical secondary mirror, the side of the car can increase the number of vision, such as the size of the old with the same constant curvature of the mirror phase larger increase of about 1.5 to 2 times the field of view, can be easily identified within 10 meters depending on the traffic situation, especially in changing lanes or highways, due to the higher speed must have a broader horizons by the rear for car safety.

Anti-lock brake system, referred to as ABS, is to improve vehicle passive safety is an important device. Some people say that anti-lock braking system is the car seat belt safety measures after the relay is another major progress. Car brake system is related to the safety of passengers of the two systems of one of the most important. With the rapid development of the world automobile industry, automobile safety for people more and more attention. Anti-lock brake system is to improve the safety of vehicle braking is another major step forward.

ABS anti-lock braking system from the vehicle microcomputer control, when the vehicle is braking, it can make to keep the wheels turning to help the driver control the vehicle to a safe stop. The anti-lock braking system is the speed sensor wheel speed, wheel speed signal is then sent to the microcomputer, the microcomputer according to the input wheel speed, reduced or increased by repeating the wheel on the wheel brake pressure to control the slip rate to keep the wheels turning. During braking to keep the wheels turning, not only can ensure the ability to control the driving direction, and, in most cases the road, and the locking wheel 〔〕 compared lock can provide more braking power.

ABS and conventional hydraulic brake system significantly compared to the interference of three points:

1. Vehicle control – ABS equipped car drivers in emergency braking, maintaining a high degree of manipulation of control. In emergency braking, the hydraulic brakes with standard Huai slip generated so that the driver lost control of the vehicle. ABS restore stability and to restore control of the vehicle driver.

2. To reduce Fuhua phenomenon – wet, smooth roads and locking vehicles even if the formation of the state of the phenomenon known as the Fu Hua, when the vehicle drivers traveling in a thin layer of water and oil on the road model, the similar phenomenon occurs with the Fuhua . ABS reduces the chance of locking the wheels, therefore, also reduce the braking phenomenon occurred during the Fuhua opportunities.

  3, improved tire wear – Use ABS to prevent wheel lock, eliminating the braking process the tire in an emergency the possibility of flat spots.

 Second, ABS Development

ABS system development can be traced back to the beginning of this century, as early as 1928, anti-lock braking theory was proposed, in the 30’s anti-lock braking system Mechanical began on the train and get on a plane applications, Bosch (BOSCH) Company The first won in 1936 with the electromagnetic wheel speed sensor for wheel anti-lock braking system, speed of the franchise.

Into the 50’s, anti-lock brake system began to be more widespread concern. FORD 1954, the aircraft company had anti-lock braking system relocated in LINCOIN cars, KELSEHAYES the company in 1957 on as “AUTOMATIC” anti-lock braking systems were studied, the results show that the anti-lock braking system can indeed lost during braking to prevent the vehicle directional control, and can shorten the braking distance; CHRYSLER also in this period known as the “SKID CONTROL” anti-lock braking systems were studied. Since this period the various anti-lock braking system uses wheel speed sensors are mechanical mechanical brake pressure regulator device, therefore, the wheel speed signal is not enough to get accurate, timely adjusting brake pressure and precision is also difficult to guarantee the control performance is not satisfactory.

With the development of electronic technology, electronic anti-lock braking system development possible. In the late 60s and early 70s, a number of electronically controlled anti-lock braking system begins to enter the product stage. Kaiersehai Islamic development and production company in 1968 called “SURE TRACK” two anti-lock braking system, the system consists of electronic control devices based on electromagnetic speed sensor rear wheel speed signal input, the braking process state in determining the movement of the rear wheels, driven by controlling the brake pressure vacuum regulator device on the rear brake wheel cylinder brake pressure regulation, and in 1969 Ford THUNDERBIRD and CONTINENTALMKIII equipment in cars.

Chrysler developed in cooperation with the BENDIX company called “SURE-TRACK” of the 4 wheels is to prevent brake locking system, installed in 1971 IMPERIAL car, the structure principle and 凯尔塞海伊Sri Lanka’s “SURE-TRACK” basically the same, the difference between the two, but that there are two or four wheels, Anti-lock braking. Bosch and TEVES also during this period the company developed the first generation of electronic control their own anti-lock braking system, anti-lock braking system, both by the electronic control devices are installed in the brake pipe on the solenoid valve control, direct electronic control of the brake wheel to adjust the pressure.

BUICK developed in 1971 by the electronic control unit automatically interrupts the engine ignition to reduce engine torque to prevent the occurrence of the drive wheels slip drive Anti-lock transfer system.

WABCO Company and BENZ companies, the first time in 1975, anti-lock braking system, air brake equipment contained in the credit car.
ABS system during this period are based on a variety of analog electronic control devices, the analog response to electronic control unit there is slow speed, the control precision is low, susceptible to interference and other defects, resulting in a variety of ABS systems are controlled to achieve the desired end effect, so these anti-lock control system was soon no longer be used.

Into the late 70s, digital electronic technology and the rapid development of large scale integrated circuit, for the ABS system to the development of practical technical basis. In 1978, Bosch launched the first digital electronic control device using brake anti-foam system – Bosch ABS2, and the unit in the Mercedes-Benz cars, which opened a prelude to the development of modern ABS systems. Although the electronic control unit Bosch ABS2 is still the control device composed of discrete components, but because digital and analog electronic control unit electronic control unit compared to the reaction speed, control accuracy and reliability are significantly increased, therefore, Bosch ABS2 control performance has been quite satisfactory. Since then, Europe, America and Japan, many professional firms and automotive companies brakes have developed a more detailed form of the ABS system.

Third, ABS works

Controls and ABS warning lights etc., in different ABS system, the brake pressure regulating device structure and principle are often different from the internal structure of electronic control devices and control logic may also usually by the ABS wheel speed sensor, the system dynamic pressure regulating device, electronics not the same.

 
 
ABS system in common, each wheel of the installation of a speed sensor, wheel speed of the relevant input of the electronic control device. Electronic control unit according to the wheel speed sensor input signal of each wheel to monitor and determine the state of motion, and the formation of the corresponding control command. Brake pressure regulator device is mainly composed by the regulator valve, electric pump and reservoir fluid composition, etc. form an independent whole, through the brake lines and brake master cylinder and the brake wheel cylinders connected. Brake pressure regulator device controlled by the electronic control unit, brake wheel cylinders for the brake pressure regulation.

ABS’s work can be divided into conventional braking, reduced brake pressure to maintain the brake pressure and brake pressure phases. Stage in the regular brake, ABS braking is not involved in pressure control, pressure regulator valve assembly of the inlet valve is turned on but not power, not all the power and the liquid solenoid valve is turned off, the electric operation of the pump is not energized, the brake master cylinder to the brake wheel cylinder brake lines are in the communication state, and the brake wheel cylinder to brake pipe liquid receiver are in a closed state, the system of the brake wheel cylinders dynamic brake master cylinder pressure will vary the output pressure changes, this time with the conventional braking braking braking system are identical.
In the braking process, the electronic control unit based on wheel speed sensor input to determine the wheel speed signal tends to have the wheels from locking when, ABS anti-lock brake pressure to enter the adjustment process. For example, electronic control devices tends to judge the right front wheel locking, the electronic control device to control the right front wheel to scrape into the fluid dynamic pressure of the energized solenoid valve, hydraulic solenoid valve to move into the right off, the brake master cylinder output of the system liquid is no longer moving into the right front brake wheel cylinders, at this time, right front end of the liquid is still energized and the solenoid valve is turned off, right front brake wheel cylinders in the brake fluid will not flow, blowing the right front brake wheel cylinders to maintain a dynamic pressure certain, while the other end of locking wheel brake pressure tends to remain with the brake master cylinder output pressure increases; If the right front brake wheel cylinders to maintain a certain brake pressure, the electronic control unit to determine the right front wheel still tend to locking, electronic control unit and the front right out of liquid solenoid valve is also energized and turned into the right front wheel brake cylinder brake part in the wave will be out through the liquid is turned back into the reservoir control valve so right front brake wheel cylinders right front wheel brake pressure to rapidly reduce the locking trend will begin to eliminate, with the right front brake wheel cylinder brake pressure decreases, the right front wheel in the vehicle under the influence of inertia force gradually accelerated; when electronic control unit based on wheel speed sensor input signal to determine the right front wheel locking trend has been completely eliminated, the electronic control device to make the right move liquid solenoid valve and the liquid solenoid valve is off, the inlet valve into the open state solution , resorted to liquid solenoid valve into the closed state, while operating the electric pump power to the brake wheel cylinder brake fluid pumping, the output from the brake master cylinder brake fluid through the solenoid valve into the right front brake wheel cylinders, the right front brake wheel cylinder brake pressure increases rapidly, the right front wheel and open gear rotational lift.

ABS by making the locking wheel brake pressure tends to the cycle and will tend to be anti-lock control of the wheel slip rate, slip rate of adhesion coefficient in the peak near the range, until the vehicle speed is reduced to very low or brake master cylinder no longer a constant pressure when locking the wheels tend to date. Brake pressure control loop frequency of up to 3 ~ 20HZ. Corresponding to the ABS brake wheel cylinders at each inlet and each of the liquid solenoid valves, electronic control devices can be controlled separately, so the brake wheel cylinder brake pressure can be adjusted independently, so that the four wheel brake locking phenomenon does not occur.

Although the structure of various forms of ABS and the work process is not exactly the same, but they are locking the wheels by the braking pressure tends to be adaptive cycle regulator, to prevent the occurrence of the controlled wheel brake locking.

History and Overview:

『Like as long wishbone wish bone, so named after the double wishbone suspension』

    Double wishbone suspension is also called double-A arm suspension or dual rocker suspension, double wishbone suspension is a kind of English called double wishbone suspension (double wish bone suspension), the name is said to come from the Western Christmas eat turkey on a custom, when people began to eat, the first a V-shaped body of the turkey bones wish, and this bone is called Wish bone. And because in the double-wishbone suspension structure in the A-arm or arm and V is very similar to the shape of a wish bone, so named after the double wishbone type suspension.
『Packard 120 is the first use of a double-wishbone suspension of the production car』

    Double-wishbone suspension first appeared in the 30s of last century, when Formula One racing have begun to use a similar double-wishbone suspension structure, and in 1935, from the Detroit auto makers packard packard 120 cars in its first time Use the double-wishbone suspension, as was the representative of luxury cars, pachard creative production car for the first time in this complex structure of the suspension, so as to enhance the vehicle’s handling performance. Today, double-wishbone suspension is still in addition to various performance sports cars, luxury cars and large SUV on the widely used.

Double wishbone suspension on the origin of the error:

『Many people wrongly think that double-wishbone suspension from the McPherson suspension (left: McPherson; Right: double-wishbone)』

    Previously, circulating on the network is a wrong argument that double-wishbone suspension inspired by the McPherson suspension, improved suspension by MacPherson come. This assertion is based is the double-wishbone suspension and MacPherson suspension with a similar shape A pillar under the swing arm and shock absorber of the structure, the difference is double-wishbone structure also increased in the shock absorber connecting the top of the wheel A-arm. But in fact, double-wishbone suspension and suspension McPherson did not have any genetic relationship.

    Why so? We have said earlier, as early as 30 years in the last century, double-wishbone suspension has already begun on a large-scale use in motor sport, but 1935 was the first time used in the production of goods on board, and began the development of McPherson suspension time for the mid 30s of last century, its design inspiration is from the aircraft landing gear, and first appeared in the goods vehicle is the Ford Vedette in 1949 on. Because the time from the birth point of view, double-wishbone suspension is a McPherson suspension earlier, this is enough double-wishbone suspension is not modified McPherson suspension products, which also said Ming Maifu Johnson and double-wishbone suspension suspension of two relatively independent individuals, no blood ties between them

 
 As shown, the double-wishbone suspension ranging from two A-arm length and act as shock absorbers composed of pillars. Upper and lower A-arms are two ball joints and wheel through the steering knuckle on the upper and lower arm connected to the concatenation of the shock absorber and coil spring acts as a pillar and the steering role of kingpin, which connected the upper and sub-frame , lower and lower arm is connected. A shift up and down when the arm is responsible for absorption of lateral force, while the pillars supporting the body weight is only responsible for shock absorbers and the control wheel up and down. Generally speaking, double-wishbone suspension in the upper and lower A-arm length is not equal (under the short-long), so let the wheels move up and down automatically change when the camber changes and reduce tire wear reduces tread .

『Touareg front and rear double-wishbone suspension structure has sufficient strength and rigidity to cope with extreme off-road also mention』

    Learn from the structure perspective, double-wishbone suspension can be said to be the most robust independent suspension. We all know that the triangle is the most stable geometry of the double-wishbone suspension A-arm up and down two similar triangles have a stable structure, not only have sufficient torsional strength, and upper and lower A-arm on the lateral force of two has a very good the guiding role, so when the double-wishbone suspension used in the performance sports car, it can be very good inhibition of the roll when cornering the vehicle in the same time, if you use the SUV when it can cope under extreme off-road conditions the tremendous impact.

『Ferrari F430’s double-wishbone suspension structure』

    We all know, the four wheel camber alignment parameters before and after, the amount of front toe, kingpin inclination angle and caster angle for the vehicle performance, particularly great impact vehicle handling performance. When the vehicle is in motion, these values will be will be changed, once the scope of this large number of parameters, it will aggravate the wear of wheels and steering mechanism, leading to significantly lower the vehicle’s handling performance. In the double-wishbone suspension structure, which a number of precise positioning parameters are adjustable, and because the structure of the double-wishbone design with a high degree of freedom, engineers can arrange space position articulated guide bar and the control arm length, the changes will reduce the scope of alignment parameters, so as to enhance the vehicle’s overall handling stability.

『Audi R8 is also used double-wishbone suspension』

『Maserati GranTuismo is double-wishbone front and rear structure』

    That is to say, as long as the changes in the value of wheel alignment parameters small, we can make the wheels in motion in a large range of angle with the surface of the vertical state, affixed to a better performance, making the vehicle When cornering, the tires have better grip. Therefore, to date, front and rear double wishbone suspension is still the most preferred in the performance sports suspension.

There are a lot of family cars on the market used a similar double-wishbone suspension double wishbone structure, if the structure points, double-wishbone suspension is double wishbone suspension in a special type, the nature of their structure are the same, only the two double-wishbone wishbone wishbone or A uses the shape of arms. Due to the need for the pillars of sport shock absorbers allow sufficient space for this type of double wishbone suspension on the arm will usually use the fork arm structure, and is used under the arm or linkage arm L-arm.

`This generation Honda Civic will be the traditional double-wishbone structure to a double wishbone structure adjustment is more biased in favor of comfortable』

Core-wing front suspension 『』

    Double wishbone suspension and double-wishbone suspension has a lot of similarities, but the structure simpler than the double-wishbone more, you can call it a simplified version of the double-wishbone suspension. Double-wishbone suspension with double wishbone suspension, like the lateral stiffness is relatively large, generally used to set upper and lower arm length inequality. However, some double-wishbone upper and lower arm can not play a role in the vertical direction, but also additional rod orientation. This structure is simpler than the double-wishbone suspension Double wishbone suspension performance between McPherson and double-wishbone suspension, between the movement has a good performance, general use in the A-or B-class family cars, domestic double wishbone front suspension are: Guangzhou Honda Accord, Mazda 6, FAW, Dongfeng Honda Civic and so on.

Advantages and disadvantages:

『Details』 suspension Ferrari F10

    The advantages of double-wishbone suspension is clear, first of all, for the precise control of location parameters, so the wheels can be a very good close to the ground, strong lateral rigidity and provide good lateral support for the vehicle’s handling performance , the advantages of this structure is obvious, it is not only Ferrari’s, Lamborghini and Maserati sports car of choice for those, even today’s F1 racing suspension structure is still used to see double-wishbone shadow. The two triangular structure of the rocker also has excellent torsional strength and lateral stiffness, so the hardcore SUV or pickup truck also often use double-wishbone suspension structure, after the former double-wishbone is the overall structure of hardcore off-road bridge SUV of the classic structure. Like the Jeep Grand Cherokee, Toyota Prado, and Volkswagen Touareg, etc., front suspension arms are inserted with a double suspension structure.

『High cost due to structural complexity, and the larger space, so double-wishbone suspension is not suitable for economical car』

    Of course, double-wishbone suspension also has its shortcomings, it is relative to the McPherson suspension, its structure is more complex, larger space, high cost, it does not apply to small car front suspension, in addition, alignment parameters determine the need for accurate calculation and adjustments, for the requirements of the manufacturer’s technical strength is relatively high.

  In terms EFI gasoline engine and the main difference is the electronically controlled gasoline injection system is controlled air-fuel ratio (the ratio of gasoline and air), while the diesel engine electronic control injection system is adjusted by controlling the fuel injection time to load size.

  Electronically controlled injection system consists of sensors, ECU (control unit) and the implementing agencies of three parts. Its mission is to electronically controlled fuel injection system to realize the fuel injection quantity and injection timing with the operating conditions of real-time control. With speed, temperature, pressure sensors, real-time detection parameters simultaneously entered into the computer, and the ECU had stored parameter values are compared, calculated in accordance with the best value through processing of the implementing agencies to control, drive fuel injection system, the engine operating status best.

  To make more accurate load regulation, resulting in the common rail technology. Common rail technology is the high pressure pump, pressure sensor and ECU closed-loop system composed of. High-pressure oil pump to high pressure fuel delivery to the public for the pipeline, through the hydraulic tubing public for precise control, can significantly reduce the engine oil pressure with engine speed changes. Diesel Turbocharger has been introduced to make. The intercooled turbocharger technology is that when compressed by the middle of fresh air cooler cooling, and then by the intake manifold, intake valve flow to the cylinder combustion chamber. Effective in cooling technology allows pressurized temperature dropped to below 50 ℃, help to reduce emissions and improve fuel economy.

  light vehicles in foreign countries, become more popular with the diesel engine, Mercedes-Benz, Volkswagen, BMW, Renault, Volvo and other European brand cars have a diesel engine models.

  water-cooled engine cylinder head and cylinder block mainly composed of. Cylinder head cylinder block to close the upper body with cylinder, piston together form the combustion chamber, the cylinder head is equipped with valves and spark plugs or fuel injectors, it’s the shape of the valve arrangement, cooling and combustion chamber shape and different. Cylinder head is the main combustion chamber, its shape and structure directly affect the engine’s output power, and therefore the most critical engine parts.

  There are two basic modern engine cylinder head structure:

 -flow cylinder head, intake valve and exhaust valves, intake and exhaust ports are located on the same side of the cylinder head. This form of benefit is a shorter air channel, suitable for turbocharged and other needs, but also conducive to the pipe transverse engine layout. Such as the general 2-valve engine, intake and exhaust pipes are of this design approach. Disadvantage is that limited the size of the airway space.

  cross-flow cylinder head, intake valve and the inlet at the side of the cylinder head, exhaust valve and exhaust in the cylinder head on the other side, forming a diagonal flow intake and exhaust. This form of benefit is sealed area is not complicated, the design progress, and exhaust ports when there is more space location can be used, can increase the airway diameter to increase the gas flow. Gasoline engines in cars, the valve arrangement between the majority is inclined to the home, that is their side of the cylinder head. This structure can use a larger diameter of the valve, can increase the airway space, could “greatly improve the volumetric efficiency”, increasing engine power.

This new 16-valve straight 4 engine series using different bore and stroke combinations can form a 1.8 rise to 2.3 liters of displacement, variable type can be up to 100. As a measure of global importance, this new engine will direct four four plants on three continents in the production.

“We expect the new direct four engines eventually will reach an annual output of 1.5 million units, the total output of about 20% of our engine.” Ford Motor Company vice president of power system DaveSzczupak said. “The straight four engine will eventually replace the Ford and Mazda in the world’s eight different four-cylinder engine series.

“The new series of straight 4 engine with unparalleled flexibility, can be on a wide range of products to meet and exceed consumer expectations,” Szczupak added. Using the same basic structure, we can build a kind of sports car performance, high-speed engine, you can construct a compact suitable for our popular Ranger pickup with a greater use of large displacement engine torque – and both can be production plant in the same engine. So that we greatly improve efficiency. ”

  full development and production

The new series of straight 4 engine design and production has been a truly global effort. Mazda’s engineers from Japan straight 4 new design, by the Ford North America and Europe working group of experts responsible for automotive application engineering and manufacturing development program.

As an example of the new adaptive engines, can now provide or will provide a new range of Ford and Mazda engine models, including the tap and the longitudinal, precursor and after the drive type, are: European Ford Mondeo 1.8 and 2.0 liter model, Ford’s Chihuahua, Mexico engine plant manufacturing; Ford Ranger pickup, equipped with 135-horsepower 2.3-liter variant aircraft in the United States, Dearborn, Michigan engine plant manufacturing; re-design of the Mazda MPV mini-van month of launch vehicle -4 manufactured in the Mazda Hiroshima – was the first equipped with the new Mazda straight 4 engine; new Mazda6 midsize sedan, in North America, Europe and Asia (such as the Atenza) sales, can provide three kinds of displacement : 1.8 liter, 2.0 liter and used Mazda sequential valve timing (S-VT) technology, an advanced 2.3-liter model, the technology to improve the efficiency of the engine’s performance; the next few years will introduce more products in the global portfolio such as the Ford Escape hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) to be launched in late 2003.

The first engine in the third quarter of 2000, production in Chihuahua, Mexico. Second quarter of 2001 Dearborn engine plant began producing 2.3-liter straight 4 engine. New straight 4 engine was in January 2002 Mazda’s Hiroshima plant in Japan production. Spain’s Valencia plant will begin later this year, four new direct the production, supply a variety of Ford vehicles in Europe.

“It is a truly global engine development program, much like the Focus a few years ago the global vehicle development program,” Power Systems business unit chief engineer Dan Kaipu (DanKapp) said. We use the design expertise of the Working Group on Hiroshima, the United States and the European Working Group process and automotive applications expertise in the development of a new car every time, development plans have specialized team of engineers responsible for the application of the new design of straight 4 engine to meet automotive requirements. ”
 
Engine Specifications

New straight 4 engine series is designed to ensure in their entire life to provide reliable performance and high levels of drive quality. New straight 4 engine development team goal is to give more customers want – performance, drive ability and stability of the work – while minimizing fuel costs, emissions and maintenance requirements. For example, the development team under the main component life indicator is not less than 10 years, 241,500 km. Throughout the life of the engine oil regularly, many systems and replacement filter requires no maintenance outside.

New straight 4 engine family made extensive use of lightweight aluminum components, both to reduce the weight – more than equivalent Zetec straight 4 engine is about 18 kilograms of weight loss – but also improved chassis dynamics, such as front and rear weight distribution to improve and enhance the power – weight ratio.

This is within the Ford Motor Company and the automobile industry, in the engine block and cylinder head production of aluminum on behalf of the iron part of a continuing trend. 10 years ago, the general used car with 85.5 kg of aluminum. Today, according to Aluminum Association’s statistics, each car has been used by more than 123.75 kg of aluminum. Ford’s annual production of aluminum engine more than a million, is the largest North American producer of aluminum engine manufacturers. With the new straight 4 engine, the Ford will increase production of aluminum engine.

  cylinder head and valve train

Cylinder head, twin overhead cam (DOHC) design uses a very direct role in mechanical tube (DAMB), aluminum alloy (AA319) “liquid” used cylinder head help to improve the long-term sealing performance of the pressure with the valve seat.

Valve and very tube was to ensure consistency of individual classification. This gasket can not guarantee the life of the engine can maintain the correct valve clearance. Cast iron camshaft chain drive double peach tip when in the manufacture of cold shock hardening. This measure is in the 241,500 km or 10-year life of the valve adjustments need to play a supporting role. Each camshaft with camshaft bearing 5 in order to ensure smooth quiet operation.

Intake valve is 35 mm, 30 mm exhaust valve. Fixed using asymmetric means, into a 29 degree angle to each other – and the vertical line into the intake valve 19-degree angle, exhaust valve and the vertical line into 10-degree angle. This can be fixed in the spark plug “roof-type” combustion chamber near the center, help ring flame propagation and to improve fuel economy, especially the part load fuel economy.

Aluminum cylinder head camshaft directly in the internal operation, from the “silent” chain drive, work together more quiet. Arm with a spring to maintain proper tension, and control with a hydraulic shock absorber control of the composite chain movement. Camshaft cover aluminum casting, valve train noise can be closed, and to ensure no warping throughout the life of seals.

In addition to reliable, durable and quiet work, the engineers also worked to make engine components as light weight, improve fuel efficiency. Very durable new piston, piston rings and connecting rod assembly is a good example. Compared with other modern engines, weight reduction of 15%, thus reducing the total weight of the engine, to achieve excellent noise and vibration levels, reducing the friction (or parasitic losses) to ensure the smooth characteristics of the engine.

    Power and performance

Straight 4 engine series of new product development engineer for the variety of applications in fuel economy and power to achieve the best balance of output provides great flexibility. For example, in small automotive applications, the engine in accordance with the best fuel economy and low-speed torque bias calibration, low speed of most small car owners used most circumstances.

In order to improve efficiency, electronic control type thermostat control with wax core, according to a certain rate by the melting wax core to send to the thermostat opening and closing signals. 98 degrees Celsius higher temperature thermostat to open, by reducing the friction to support the improvement of fuel economy, while still allowing the heavy load state controlled by the PCM operation.

To further improve fuel efficiency, engine use 5W20SAE (ILSACGF-3) grade oil to reduce the flow resistance, and uses 700 r / min lower idle speed. Maximum engine speed is 7,000 rev / min.

Engine noise and vibration

Connecting rod length and crank stroke ratio (L / R) decided to produce the second harmonic reciprocating mass amplitude. The new second straight 4 engine vibration than the equivalent power of about 15% smaller Zetec engine to improve the smoothness of work.

Many noise reduction measures to raise the fine level of the engine. Measures including the composite material made of latex-free maintenance of multi-row attachment drive belts, automatic belt tensioning wheel, low noise, alternator, dual internal cooling fans and full symmetrical intake manifold.

Deep-skirt, closed the table type cast in place using sand casting of cast iron cylinder liner, very precise size control. Die cast aluminum structure supporting beam and aluminum oil pan provides a solid and stable foundation.

The engine running in the quiet of assembly also played a role in all the matching components to meet the tighter tolerances. One example illustrates the attention to detail during manufacturing, in order to ensure the entire structure each time when the tightening torque suffered uniform, fixed under the supporting beams 10 are also tightened the bolts. This guarantee does not warp beam bearing assembly.

Electronic Control No distributor, spark plug ignition wire trap system with knock control system optimization, real-time engine operating parameters to adapt continuously to ensure dynamic performance and fuel economy optimization.
    Crankshaft and Pistons

Shell casting of cast iron crankshaft has five main bearings, 4 and 8 crankpin weight to ensure the smooth nature of the work. Each main journal and rod journal has done a rounded treatment to reduce stress concentration.

  lightweight alloy pistons with a friction reducing coating. Split for the broken rod sintered steel rod to ensure the precise assembly with.

New manifold

Computer designed intake manifold a good illustration of how the new engine of development is to strive for excellence. A fully symmetrical structure, with a light friction welding plastics manufacturing, in order to reduce the flow friction and maintain a lower temperature than the cast metal. The design allows the engineer to sound 16-valve engine to “sculpture” to sound both elegant sports car without losing the gentle charm.

Intake manifold of the four flow have a butterfly valve within the limits of air at low speeds. This accelerated by making the mixed gas into the combustion chamber to improve the low efficiency caused turbulence. High speed, butterfly valve fully open to meet the needs of the engine on the air. At this point, the shape of the inlet itself to ensure proper mixture of “vortex”, so as to achieve full combustion.

Intake system also uses a new type of solid-state temperature and pressure sensors to improve the accuracy of measurement of air quality. These signals are passed to the engine control module continuously to ensure the engine to work efficiently.

  fuel injection systems and emission

New 4-hole fuel injection allows a high degree exhaust cone shaped fog spray directly towards each cylinder of the double inlet, compared with single-hole fuel injector, increasing the injection depth, aerosol better, cylinder wall wetting smaller. Thereby improving the driving performance and reduce emissions. Sequential electronic fuel injection (SEFI) can be a single precise control of fuel injection to ensure that the best time for each combustion cycle injected into the cylinder to accurately measure the amount of oil.

Straight 4 engine in the new design can meet the Euro 3 emission standards and the United States is extremely low emission vehicles (ULEV) standards, as well as the ability to meet and exceed the Euro 4 standards. In the discharge of special measures taken include: catalytic converter and exhaust manifold close to the arrangement, so as to quickly reach operating temperature, electronically controlled exhaust gas recirculation can be introduced to the combustion chamber NOx emissions and improve reduce fuel economy.